Present perfect simple

Здравейте,

Днес ще разгледаме следващото сегашно време – Сегашно перфектно време.

Сегашно перфектно време се използва за да се покаже връзката между настоящето и миналото. Развитието на действието е преди сегашния момент, но не е конкретизирано и ние често сме заинтересувани от резултата отколкото от самото действие.

Това време е много често употребявано, затова е важно да го разгледаме подробно. Ако имате въпроси, не се колебайте да пишете в коментарите.

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

Present perfect simple 😃 Сегашно перфектно време

Образуване  😃 Form

Сегашно перфектно време се образува с помощта на спомагателния глагол have + миналото причастие на главния глагол

The present perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb have/has + past participle. The verb have is a helping verb. The main verb in the sentence is this in the past participle form.

Миналото причастие се образува като към инфинитива на глагола прибавим --- ed, за правилните глаголи. Обаче много глаголи имат неправилна форма за минало причастие. Понякога миналото причастие съвпада с миналото време на глагола (припомнете си миналото време на глагола тук), но понякога не съвпада, а има така наречена трета форма на глагола.  Това е списък на някои от тях: irregular verbs.

Examples:

I have taken some English classes.

She has seen this movie.

They have been in Europe several times.

He has won writer’s awards.

take – took – taken (irregular verb: 2^nd verb form is different than 3^rd verb form)

see – saw – seen (irregular verb: 2nd verb form is different than 3rd verb form)

go – went – been/gone (irregular verb: 2nd verb form is different than 3rd verb form)

win – won – won (irregular verb: 2nd verb form is the same as 3rd verb form)

study – studied- studied (regular verb, add -ed, -y change to -i; see the spelling changes here; 2nd verb form is the same as 3rd verb form for all regular verb)

Съкращения 😃 Contractions:

👉Съкращения са възможни между подлога и спомагателния глагол have The contractions are possible between the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb have.

I have = I’ve	you have = you’ve	we have = we’ve	they have = they’ve
She has = she’s	he has = he’s	it has = it’s

*the apostrophe + s (‘s) can mean HAS or IS. The verb following the contraction will tell you what the contraction means.

Апострофът ‘s може да означава has или is. Глаголът, който идва след апостроф ‘s ще ни подскаже значението му (според времето, в което е употребен).

He’s eaten pizza. = He has eaten pizza. 

Той е ял пица. (сегашно перфектно време)

He’s eating pizza. = He is eating pizza now.

Той яде пица в момента. (сегашно продължително)

👉Съкращения  са възможни и между подлогът в изречението, когато той е съществително име в единствено число, и спомагателния глагол have

 The contractions are possible between a singular noun and the auxiliary verb have.

This article’s explained a lot about the animal brain.

👉Съкращения  са възможни и между подлогът в изречението, когато той е местоимението there, и спомагателния глагол have

The contractions are possible between there and the auxiliary verb have.

There’s been study of animal brain.

👉Съкращения са възможни между спомагателния глагол have и частицата not

The contractions are possible between the auxiliary verb have and not.

The contraction for HAVE NOT is haven’t

The contraction for HAS NOT is hasn’t

He hasn’t eaten pizza yet. = He’s not eaten pizza yet. = He has not eaten pizza yet.

Отрицателните изречения в сегашно перфектно време се образуват като към спомагателния глагол have/has прибавим not + миналото причастие  

Negative sentences in Present Perfect tense are formed with have/has + not + past participle.

Examples:

I have not (haven’t) seen her before.

She has not (hasn’t) finished her project yet.

Въпросителните изречения в сегашно перфектно време се образуват с инверсия на глагола have/has и подлога + миналото причастие.  

Questions are formed by inversing, switching the positions of the verb have/has and pronoun + present participle.

Have	I	seen	her	recently­? lately these days this week this month this year today this morning	Yes, I have.	No, I have not. No, I haven’t.
Has	she	read	a book		Yes, she has.	No, she has not. No, she hasn’t.
Have	they	had	a party		Yes, they have.	No, they have not. No, they haven’t.

При образуване на въпрос с въпросителните думи where, when, why, what, how, how long   изречението започва с въпросителната дума + спомагателния глагол have/has + подлога + миналото причастие на главния глагол.

Where/Why	have	I	done	the exam?
How long/Since when	has	she	been	married?
Where/Why	have	they	gone	on vacation?

При образуване на въпрос към подлога - задаваме въпроса: Кой извършва действието? Затова формата на спомагателния глагол have винаги е в 3л.ед.ч. – has.

Who	has	done	the exam?
Who	has	been	married?
Who	has	gone	to Italy?

Употреба 😃 Use

Употреба 😃 Use	Пример 😃 example
Когато говорим за ситуации, състояния или дейности, които са започнали в миналото и продължават в настоящето To talk about situations, states or activities that started in the past and continue to the present Time adverbs: for, since Since + a particular time For + a duration of time	I have been married for twenty years. We have lived in the USA since 2010. They have known each other for five years.
Когато говорим за единични или повтарящи се дейности, които са се случили преди дълъг период от време, но са валидни и в настоящето To talk about one-time or repeated actions that happened over a long period of time up to the present (and probably will happen in the future)	He has read that book at least five times. I have phoned him three times this morning. She has written five novels so far.
Когато говорим за нещо случило се преди настоящето, в неопределено време в миналото. Времето когато се е случило не е важно, или е неизвестно или неточно To talk about something that happened (or hasn’t happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The time it happened is not important or not known or imprecise Adverbs: ever, never, always, already, yet, still, just, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly (ever)	I’ve always wanted to be a doctor. Have you ever been in France? I’ve never flown by airplane. I have already seen the Eiffel tower, but I haven’t seen the Louvre yet. I have written to Mary three times, but I still haven’t received a reply. She’s just left the city to go on vacation.
Когато говорим за скорошно единично действие с резултат в настоящето To talk about a recent one-time action with a present result. Often with just, already, yet	My parents have just arrived. I’ve already given my present to the bride. She hasn’t finished her essay yet.

Позиция на наречието за време в Сегашно Перфектно време

Placement of the adverbs for time in the Present Perfect tense

Subject	auxiliary verb	adverb	past participle	complement
The plane	has	already	landed	at the airport.
My mother	has	usually	prepared	the dinner by 6 o’clock
My father	has	often	made	coffee by the time I get up.
The train	has	just	arrived	at the station.
She	has	recently	received	many awards.
Have	you	ever	seen	a shooting star?
I	have	never	been	to Rome.
They	have	probably	gone	to the party.

Употреба на Сегашно перфектно време с Already и Yet

The present perfect use of Already and Yet

statement	Place of already and yet	Example
В положителни изречения In affirmative statements: already	Можем да сложим already между спомагателния и основния глагол или в края на изречението  We can put “already” between the auxiliary verb and the main verb or at the end of a phrase.	She has already written five books. She has written five books already.
Във въпросителни изречения In questions: already or yet	Можем да сложим already между спомагателния и основния глагол или в края на изречението  We can put “already” between the auxiliary verb and the main verb or at the end of a phrase. Слагаме yet в края на изречението We put “yet” at the end of the phrase.	Has she already done the project? Has she done the project already? Has she done the project yet?
В кратки отговори In short answers: yet		No, not yet.
В отрицателни изречения In negative statements: yet	Слагаме yet в края на изречението We put “yet” at the end of the phrase.	She hasn’t written the book yet.