Past perfect simple

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Днес съм подготвила за вас Минало Перфектно време - образуване, употреба и специфика.

Past perfect simple  😃 Минало перфектно време

Минало перфектно време се използва за изразяване на минало действие, което вече е свършило преди друго минало действие да се е случило. Минало перфектно време обикновено показва, кое е действието случило се първо в миналото. Няма значение кое действие е споменато първо в изречението, минало перфектно показва това действие което се е случило по-напред във времето.

Past Perfect Tense is used to express the past action which has already ended when another past action happened.

Past perfect usually shows the action that happened first in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first in the sentence - the tense makes it clear which one happened first chronologicaly.

When I arrived at the station,	the train had already left.
⇩	⇩
past simple	past perfect
Second action – I arrived	First action - the train left

The train had already left,	when I arrived at the station,
⇩	⇩
past perfect	past simple
First action - the train left	Second action – I arrived

Минало перфектно време показва завършено действие в дадено време в миналото. То набляга на това,  че събитието е започнало и свършило в миналото, а  не на  продължителността на това събитие.

Past Perfect Tense shows that the action was completed at the given time and it is emphasized that the event started and finished in the past, not the duration of the event.

By the time I lived in Italy, I had worked in an Italian restaurant.

                                                              ⇩
  action is started and finished in the past

  the given time is “By the time I lived in Italy”

 Do we know how long she/he had worked there?

 NO, we don’t. Because the duration it not important     
            

Образуване 😃 Form

Минало перфектно време се образува с помощта на спомагателния глагол have в минало време had + миналото причастие на главния глагол

The past perfect is formed with the past tense of the auxiliary verb have - had + past participle.

При правилните глаголи миналото причастие се образува като към инфинитива на глагола прибавим -ed.

При неправилните глаголи миналото причастие или съвпада със неправилната форма на глагола в минало време или има трета форма наречена минало причастие. Тези глаголи се учат наизуст.

Това е списък на някои от тях: irregular verbs.

Examples:

✦ When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.

✦ I had just saved my document when the computer turned off.

✦ She was very tired because she hadn’t slept well during the night.

✦ I had just finished gardening when it started to rain.

✦ By the time she came home, I had already finished the project.

Отрицателните изречения в минало перфектно време се образуват като към спомагателния глагол have прибавим not + миналото причастие

Negative sentences in Present Perfect tense are formed with had + not + past participle.

Examples:

✦ I had not (hadn’t) met her before I enrolled in ballet classes. 

✦ She had not (hadn’t) finished her project when I called her.

Въпросителните изречения в минало перфектно време се образуват с инверсия на глагола had и подлога + миналото причастие.  

Questions are formed by inversing, switching the positions of the verb had and pronoun + present participle.

Had	I	met	her	before I left the library?	Yes, I had.	No, I had not. No, I hadn’t.
Had	she	read	a book		Yes, she had.	No, she had not. No, she hadn’t.
Had	they	done	their homework		Yes, they had.	No, they had not. No, they hadn’t.

При образуване на въпрос с въпросителните думи where, when, why, what, how, how long   изречението започва с въпросителната дума + спомагателния глагол had + подлога + миналото причастие на главния глагол.

Examples:

✦ What had she heard on the radio?

✦ How long had she worked there before she met him?

✦ Why had he written this article?

✦ How many people had died when a hurricane hit Florida?

При образуване на въпрос към подлога - задаваме въпроса: Кой извършва действието? Затова формата на спомагателния глагол have винаги е в 3л.ед.ч. – had.

Examples:

✦ Who had heard the fire alarm while we were on vacation? 

✦ Who had called the police on the night the accident happened?

✦ Who had told the boss I didn’t come to work?

Употреба  😃 Use

Употреба 😃 Use	Пример  😃 example
За изразяване на действие в миналото, което вече е свършило когато друго действие в миналото се е случило It is used to express the past action that had already ended when another past action happened	He had already begun his presentation when we arrived. When the police came, the robber had already left. I hadn’t seen a lion in my life before I visited Africa. When I lived in Italy, I had met my husband. She graduated high school after we had moved to Spain.
За минало действие, започнало в миналото и продължило до даден момент в миналото (показва продължението на действието, но то не е важно и би могло да се пропусне) For the past action that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past (show duration, but it’s not important and we could omit it) Time expressions: for, since	I hadn’t seen him (for 30 days) because I was at camp. I had had that bicycle (for 10 years), before my parents donated it. We had lived near Notre Dame (for 4 years) before it burned town.
За недействителни или въображаеми неща, желания в миналото For unreal or imaginary things, wishes in the past	I wish I hadn’t missed this lesson. She wishes she had tried that wedding dress on. If I had heard the question, I could have answered it. If I had done the exam, I could have a certificate.
При преразказване след думи като said, told, asked, и др. In reported speech after verbs such as said, told, asked, etc.	He said he had lost his keys, but nobody believed him. She said she had loved him. They told us that they had visited Spain. I asked the teacher where this event had happened.

Съкращения 😃 Contractions:

1. Съкращения са възможни между подлога и спомагателния глагол had

The contractions are possible between the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb had, except it

Pronoun + had = I’d/ you’d/she’d/he’d/it’d/we’d/you’d/they’d

2. Съкращения са възможни между спомагателния глагол had и частицата not 

The contractions are possible between the auxiliary verb had and not.

3. Апострофът +d (‘d) може да означава had или would. Глаголът, който идва след апостроф +d (‘d) ще ни подскаже значението му (според времето, в което е употребен).

*the apostrophe + d (‘d) can mean had or would. The verb following the contraction will tell you what the contraction means.

He’d eaten pizza. = He had eaten pizza. 

He’d eat pizza. = He would eat pizza.